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Don't Do What Jesus Would Do!
Introduction
As a guide for choosing attitudes and behavior, many Christians
encourage young persons and others to ask, "What would Jesus
do?" That slogan is often abbreviated on Christian jewelry
and other items as "WWJD." The idea is that if people
would think and act the way Jesus did, the world would be a better
place.
But is a WWJD mindset really what the modern world needs? If
advocates of that philosophy would examine Jesus as depicted in the
bible, they might realize that his views can cause great harm to
individuals and communities.
Violence
What would Jesus do about the problem of violence in society? The
bible indicates he would make it worse by promoting violence as a
favored method of dealing with problems. Unlike modern civilized
people, he did not limit the acceptability of violence to situations
requiring self-defense or the defense of others.
Violent afterlife
Jesus taught that when he returns to earth, he will cause infinitely
more gratuitous violence than is contained in any slasher film. At
that time, he will send his angels to gather people and cast them into a
furnace of fire, where there will be wailing and gnashing of
teeth.[1] Also at this glorious homecoming, he will order persons
to "depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared
for the devil and his angels."[2] The book of Revelation
tells us that this everlasting inferno is a place where people are
tortured forever,[3] where "the smoke of their torment ascendeth up
for ever and ever: and they have no rest day or night. . .
."[4] That hideous state of affairs is illustrated in Jesus'
story of the beggar Lazarus who went to heaven and the rich man who was
consigned to Hades. Jesus described the rich man as suffering
torment in the flames.[5]
Elsewhere, he indicated that the same fate will befall everyone who does
not accept his message.[6] This will include the vast majority of
humanity.[7] Thus, we have the role model of the WWJD folks
causing not only the death but eternal torture of billions of
people--many of them simply because he disapproves of their religious
beliefs.
Violent parables
Jesus' parables contain further illustrations of the types of violence
he supported. By failing to condemn the violent acts described in
those stories, Jesus implied that such behavior was acceptable.
Consistent with his other teachings about the afterlife, Jesus approved
of torture in a parable relating to Judgment Day. This story
involves a king who forgave a servant's debt but later found the same
servant treating harshly a debtor of the servant. Jesus asserted
that the king became angry and delivered the servant "to the
tormentors, till he should pay all that was due. . . ." Jesus
went on to say that God will do the same to people who do not forgive
the trespasses of others.[8]
There is also a parable in which Jesus condoned dismembering
people. That story concerns a servant who, after being put in
charge of his master's property, began to bully the other servants and
eat and drink with drunken friends. Jesus explained that if the
master returns when the servant does not expect him, the master will cut
that unfaithful servant in pieces.[9]
Jesus endorsed the killing of defenseless people for their political
differences, when he related a parable about a nobleman who went to a
far country to receive a kingdom and then returned. Jesus
described the new king as ordering that "those mine enemies, which
would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them
before me."[10]
In a parable involving servants waiting for their lord to return from a
wedding, Jesus supported the beating of people. He explained that
the servant who knew his lord's will but failed to do it "shall be
beaten with many stripes." And the servant who did not know
his lord's will but "did commit things worthy of stripes, shall be
beaten with few stripes."[11]
Kidnapping and the violent treatment of the victim are other actions
Jesus favored, in a parable that compares the kingdom of heaven to a
king who made a marriage for his son. When the king saw a guest
who was without a wedding garment, he told his servants to "bind
him hand and foot . . . and cast him into outer darkness; there shall be
weeping and gnashing of teeth."[12]
So in these parables, Jesus spoke approvingly of persons who torture,
dismember, slay, beat, kidnap and otherwise cause extreme misery.
He applauded this behavior, and indicated that he and his Father will do
the same to people. That lesson, in fact, appears to be the point
of the parables. Do we really want persons to think of these
actions when they ask, "What would Jesus do?"
Violent laws
Another way that Jesus espoused violence was by supporting the Law of
Moses. He said he did not come to abolish that Law but to fulfill
it.[13] He warned that anyone who sets aside even the least of the
Law's demands, and teaches others to do so, will be lowest in the
kingdom of heaven.[14] According to him, it is "easier for
heaven and earth to pass, than one tittle of the law to fail."[15]
This approval of the Law of Moses means endorsement of that code's
horrible requirements concerning the death penalty. The Mosaic Law
prescribes execution as the punishment for cursing one's parents;[16]
being a stubborn and rebellious son;[17] being a witch, medium or
wizard;[18] worshiping gods other than Jehovah;[19] enticing a friend or
family member to worship other gods;[20] working on the Sabbath;[21]
gathering sticks on the Sabbath;[22] not being a virgin on one's wedding
night (applies to women only);[23] blasphemy;[24] adultery;[25] and
homosexuality.[26]
The method of carrying out the executions was normally
stoning.[27] For other infractions of the Mosaic Law, the
punishment could be a flogging.[28] For certain violations, the
penalty was mutilation or amputation.[29] It is hard to imagine
how anyone with a brain or heart could uphold such a barbaric and absurd
legal code.
Violence incited against family members and others
Jesus not only implied that he approves of violence in this life, but
explicitly asserted that he intends to cause it. Contrary to the
"peace on earth, goodwill toward men" talk during the
Christmas season, Jesus stated: "Suppose ye that I am come to give
peace on earth? I tell you, Nay; but rather division . .
."[30] This divisiveness clearly includes violence, for he
said he "came not to send peace, but a sword."[31]
In connection with his promise to send a "sword," he explained
that he will "set a man at variance against his father, and the
daughter against her mother, and the daughter-in-law against her
mother-in-law."[32] And he predicted that "a man's foes
shall be they of his own household."[33] Thus, he advocated
divisiveness within families and the use of violence against one's own
family members.
Among all Jesus' violent teachings, parents would be wise to consider
that one, in particular, when deciding whether to have their children
ask, "What would Jesus do?"
Family
Hate your family
Besides endorsing violence against family members, Jesus showed in other
ways that he is not a supporter of family values. He never married
or fathered children; instead, he urged people to hate their families
and themselves. In his words: "If any man come to me, and
hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren,
and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my
disciple."[34]
Desert your family
Jesus encouraged people to abandon their families and promised rewards
for doing so. He said: "There is no man that hath left house,
or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of God's
sake, Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in
the world to come life everlasting."[35] He even criticized a
man for wanting to say goodbye to his family before leaving to follow
him.[36]
No divorce
There were moments when Jesus apparently had a mood swing regarding his
view that people should hate and leave their spouses. But here he
swung too far in the other direction, by prohibiting all divorce.
On the subject of divorce, he said: "What therefore God hath joined
together, let not man put asunder. . . . Whosoever shall put away his
wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a
woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she
committeth adultery."[37] He additionally claimed that anyone
who marries a divorced woman commits adultery.[38] On occasion,
though, he backed away from a total prohibition on divorce, by allowing
it in situations where a spouse has committed
"fornication."[39]
Unfortunately, by preventing divorce in all other situations, his
teachings require spouses to stay married even when love has
irretrievably died, such as where one of them turned out to be extremely
abusive and exploitative. To prohibit divorce and remarriage in
those cases is simply a prescription for human misery.
Abuse your children
Jesus also endorsed child abuse. He specifically approved the
Mosaic Law's command that, "Whoso curseth father or mother, let him
die the death."[40] He denounced the Pharisees for not
following that cruel and nonsensical instruction, which he described as
a "commandment of God."[41]
From these teachings, many persons guilty of neglecting or abusing their
family members could receive a green light to continue by asking,
"What would Jesus do?" Others would be encouraged to
behave likewise. And some spouses who are the recipients of that
treatment would have to endure it and not leave the marriage.
Health Care
Spurn medical science
What would Jesus do about the issue of health care in society? He
would increase health problems by discouraging reliance upon medical
science. He taught nothing about germs, bacteria, sanitation or
medical science. Rather, he promoted the idea that disease is
caused by demons or sin, and that cures should be obtained by
supernatural means. He pointed to demon possession as the cause of
epilepsy,[42] blindness,[43] muteness,[44] insanity,[45] convulsions[46]
and crippling disability.[47]
Rely on supernatural cures
As for the supernatural methods of curing such problems, Jesus explained
to his disciples that certain types of demons can only be exorcised by
prayer and fasting.[48] On another occasion, faith was the remedy
he prescribed, when he cured a leper and then told him that "thy
faith hath made thee whole."[49] He also advocated laying
hands on the sick as a means of healing, when he promised that a sign
shown by believers is that "they shall lay hands on the sick, and
they shall recover."[50]
Forgiveness of sin and avoidance of sin are other methods he supported
for curing and preventing illness. Right before healing a man who
had palsy, Jesus told him: "Son, thy sins be forgiven
thee."[51] And after healing a man who had been crippled for
thirty-eight years, Jesus admonished him to "sin no more, lest a
worse thing come unto thee."[52]
It is noteworthy that, on one occasion, his cure of choice involved
cruelty to animals. He healed a demon-possessed madman by sending
the demons, at their request, into a herd of about 2,000 swine.
The pigs then ran into a sea and drowned.[53]
Because Jesus thought that the cause of maladies is spiritual, it is
understandable that he would recommend supernatural cures rather than
scientific ones. But the error of these teachings is shown by the
many tragic cases of people--often children--who have died from
treatable illnesses after ignoring medical science and following what
Jesus did about sickness.
Handle deadly snakes and drink poison
Jesus also had other views that cause illness and death. He said
that his followers can take up serpents--not excluding poisonous
ones--without being harmed.[54] And he stated that believers may
"drink any deadly thing" without suffering adverse
effects.[55] Would the WWJD crowd want their children acting on
these teachings?
Sex
No discussion of Jesus' unhealthy teachings would be complete without
mentioning his views on sexuality. Jesus had some downright crazy
and pernicious ideas about that subject.
Abhor sexuality
He was so opposed to sex that he thought people should be sent to Hell
for having a sexual desire. He taught that "whosoever looketh
on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in
his heart."[56] The book of Galatians informs us that
adulterers shall not inherit the kingdom of God.[57]
Mutilate your body
To avoid being eternally tortured for having a natural sexual urge,
Jesus recommended self-mutilation. He said: "And if thy right
eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is
profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that
thy whole body should be cast into hell."[58]
He made similar recommendations for preventing other types of sexual
activity. Apparently referring to masturbation, he advised that
"if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off, and cast it from thee .
. ." to avoid being sent to hell.[59]
And he endorsed castration. He told his followers that "there
be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of
heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive
it."[60]
Do the WWJD people really want persons to hate sexuality and mutilate
themselves in an effort to avoid sexual desire and activity?
Rudeness, Name-calling and Insults
Jesus could be quite rude to people. After he accepted a
Pharisee's invitation to a meal, the Pharisee asked him why he did not
wash before partaking of the food. Jesus then went into a tirade
against the Pharisees, accusing them of injustice and calling them fools
and hypocrites. He also said there was nothing inside them but
greed and wickedness, which seems inconsistent with the fact that one of
them had just invited him to the meal. And he didn't let up this
verbal attack after a lawyer protested that he was insulting
them.[61] On another occasion, Jesus labeled the Pharisees and
scribes as hypocrites, blind guides, fools, serpents, vipers and
murderers.[62] This name-calling is hardly the way to win friends
and influence people.[63]
Temper tantrum
The same can be said of his rudeness in the temple. There, Jesus
overturned the tables and chairs of the sellers and moneychangers,
scattered their coins, and used a whip to drive them and their animals
out.[64]
Many judges today would not only impose a fine and jail time for such
vandalism and physical assaults, but would also sentence the offender to
attend conflict resolution classes.
Insults mother
Although it is difficult to top rudeness in a place of religious
devotion, Jesus did so by being discourteous to his mother. While
he was at a wedding, she informed him that there was no wine. His curt
retort was, "Woman, what have I to do with thee? mine hour is not
yet come."[65]
Inconsiderate to the poor and hungry
Moreover, Jesus likely was discourteous to many people when he, while
hungry and looking for food, became piqued at a fig tree that had no
figs. The season was not right for the tree to have figs, yet he
cursed it and caused it to wither.[66] As a result, no
one--including the poor and hungry--could obtain figs from that tree in
the future.
Callous to the sick and suffering
One of the worst examples of his rudeness--and downright
callousness--was shown when a Canaanite woman begged him to help her
daughter, who she said was being tormented by a demon. When the
woman pleaded for aid, Jesus ignored her at first. Then he
explicitly refused to assist her, saying he was sent only to the house
of Israel. After that, while she continued her pathetic begging,
he added insult to injury by stating that it is not proper to take the
children's bread and cast it to "dogs" such as her. He
only relented and healed her daughter after the woman argued that
"the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters'
table."[67] Apparently, if she had not come up with that
response, Jesus would have let her and her daughter continue suffering
even though he had the power to stop it at any time. Such a man in
no way deserves to be a role model for young people.
Productivity, Possessions and the Pursuit of Happiness
Reject material possessions
Jesus' teachings are inconsistent with developing productive citizens
and eliminating poverty. Our society offers financial rewards to
motivate persons to produce goods and provide services that satisfy the
needs of others. But Jesus taught people to reject material
possessions and financial gain.
He advised a wealthy young man to "sell that thou hast, and give to
the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven: and come and follow
me."[68] After the young man went away sad, Jesus told his
disciples: "It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a
needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God."[69]
Along the same lines, he said "whosoever he be of you that
forsaketh not all that he hath, he cannot be my
disciple."[70] He also taught that a person cannot serve God
and money.[71] And he said, "Lay not up for yourselves
treasures upon earth . . . But lay up for yourselves treasures in
heaven. . . ."[72]
Clearly, Jesus was opposed to capitalist self-interest as a means of
motivating people to be productive and useful.
Eschew food and happiness
Along with preaching against material possessions, he opposed having
enough to eat and otherwise enjoying life. He proclaimed: "Woe unto you that are rich! for ye have received your
consolation. Woe unto you that are full! for ye shall
hunger. Woe unto you that laugh now! for ye shall mourn and
weep."[73] Poverty, hunger and sorrow were what he advocated
for this life. He stated: "Blessed be ye poor: for yours is
the kingdom of God. Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall
be filled. Blessed are ye that weep now: for ye shall
laugh."[74]
Thus, unlike the Declaration of Independence, Jesus did not endorse the
"pursuit of happiness." Happiness was for an afterlife,
not this life. As a result of these teachings, parents can lead
their children to throw away the American Dream by encouraging them to
ask what Jesus would do.
Don't bother planning
The success of most human enterprises is highly dependent on good
planning, but Jesus denigrated that activity. He taught his
followers: "Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or
what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. . .
. But seek ye first the kingdom of God . . . and all these things
shall be added unto you. Take therefore no thought for the morrow. . .
."[75]
In other words, Jesus believed that by focusing on spiritual matters, a
person's material needs would be supernaturally met. He therefore
saw no reason to think about physical requirements or plan to meet
them. Instead, he thought that any physical needs could be met by
simply asking God.
He proclaimed: ". . . What things soever ye desire, when ye pray,
believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them."[76]
Reasonable people know that the world does not operate in this
manner. The countless unanswered prayers demonstrate that it does
not work this way. By telling persons to have no desire for
material goods, to not be concerned about obtaining food or clothing, to
make no plans for the future, to not think about the next day, and to
expect their physical needs to be supernaturally met, Jesus prescribed
an attitude likely to produce drifters, derelicts and lunatics rather
than productive and valuable members of society.
Justice
Injustice in this life
Jesus' philosophy also is antithetical to producing justice in
society. One of his commands was to "Judge not, and ye shall
not be judged. . . ."[77] That teaching would eviscerate the
justice system by completely eliminating the judiciary.
But under his philosophy, there would be no need for judges
anyway. He said to "resist not evil: but whosoever shall
smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other
also."[78] He further ordered that "him that taketh away
thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also. . . . [A]nd of him
that taketh away thy goods ask them not again."[79]
Under those doctrines, his followers are not to oppose crimes against
persons or property. They are even to allow criminals to obtain
more than they sought in the first place. The upshot is that crime
pays in this life, criminals go unpunished and the victims receive no
recompense for the harm done to them. It would be difficult to
come up with a philosophy better calculated to produce evil, injustice
and misery.
Although Jesus' followers are supposed to accept the shaft in this
world, he promised that their docility will ultimately work to their
advantage in the next life. He assured them that, "Blessed
are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth."[80]
The innocent punished in an afterlife
Jesus promised that there will be punishment in the afterlife, but his
views of justice are logically deficient on that subject, too. One
of the basic requirements of justice is that the innocent shall not be
punished. Jesus taught, however, that his generation would have to
answer for "the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the
foundation of the world . . . From the blood of Abel unto the
blood of Zacharias . . . verily I say unto you, It shall be required of
this generation."[81]
The people of Jesus' time were certainly innocent of harming prophets
who lived and died before the existence of that generation.
Nevertheless, Jesus proclaimed that his contemporaries would be called
to account for the harm done to those ancient prophets.
Disproportionate punishments in an afterlife
In order for justice to be upheld, there also must be proportionality
between offenses committed and punishments administered. That is
one of the principles underlying the U.S. Constitution's Eighth
Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishments.
But Jesus preached that "he that shall blaspheme against the Holy
Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal
damnation."[82]
According to the bible, the Holy Ghost is part of the Godhead,[83] so it
is hard to see how that being could be harmed by the words of a puny
human being. Yet Jesus indicated that eternal punishment--with no
forgiveness--was an appropriate penalty for this harmless act.
Likewise, Jesus claimed that "whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall
be in danger of hell fire."[84] Although calling someone a
fool is usually rude (such as when Jesus did it), advocating eternal
punishment for that reproach is absurdly disproportionate.
The same conclusion applies to his teaching that people deserve eternal
damnation for refusing to believe he is the Son of God.[85] The
failure to accept that belief harms no one. Yet Jesus required infinite
punishment for disbelief in his divinity.
Jesus would flunk out of law school his first year for clinging to such
ideas about justice.[86] Children should not be taught to think
that way.
Religious persecution a natural byproduct
Regarding Jesus' teaching that unbelief deserves eternal punishment, a
further problem is that it can lead to religious intolerance and
persecution. If a society really believes that holding incorrect
religious views causes people to be eternally tortured, it is logical
for that society to view the proponents of heretical religious beliefs
as the worst possible wrongdoers in society.
Under that line of thinking, the harm inflicted by other criminals is
limited to this world, but the act of promoting erroneous religious
doctrines produces infinitely more harm. It causes the eternal
torture of the souls of persons who adopt the mistaken religious views.
Stopping the proponents of unorthodox theological ideas then becomes
imperative. The rationale is that, just as there is a right to use
force to protect oneself and one's family from physical harm from a
criminal, there is justification to use force to stop those whose
promotion of false religious views can harm the eternal fate of people's
souls. The result is religious intolerance and persecution.
Further incitement for that attitude is contained in the Mosaic Law's
requirement that blasphemers should be put to death, as mentioned above
in connection with Jesus' support for the Law of Moses.[87]
Conclusion
So here we have it, the person the WWJD folks point to as an exemplar of
virtue! He is a man who supported the use of extreme and
unnecessary violence--including torture, dismembering, slaying, beating,
and kidnapping--in dealing with people. He also wanted the death
penalty imposed for a multitude of trivial acts.
Moreover, he promoted division in society; encouraged persons to hate,
abandon, and use violence against their families; prohibited people from
divorcing abusive spouses; taught that disrespectful children should be
killed; discouraged medical treatment by favoring spiritual means for
curing illness; was cruel to animals; said his followers could handle
deadly snakes and drink poison; abhorred sexual desire and activity and
encouraged persons to avoid both by mutilating their bodies; hurled
insults and engaged in rude name-calling; treated his mother
discourteously; vandalized property and physically assaulted people;
failed to show consideration for the interests of the poor, the sick,
and others; wanted people to give away all their property and have no
desire for financial gain; espoused hunger and sorrow; denounced
planning and self-reliance; said that innocent people should be punished
for the wrongdoing of others; promised horrible punishments for harmless
acts; and promoted religious intolerance and persecution.
With Jesus holding such views, no wonder the great nineteenth-century
agnostic Robert Ingersoll said that if a man were to follow strictly the
teachings of the New Testament, he would be insane.[88] And
insanity is exactly what the WWJD philosophy is. Its supporters
need to wake up to the fact that they are advocating extremely
irrational and harmful doctrines.
Endnotes:
1 Matthew 13:41-42
2 Matthew 25:41
3 Revelation 20:10-15
4 Revelation 14:11
5 Luke 16:19-31
6 Mark 16:16; Revelation 21:8
7 Matthew 7:13-14
8 Matthew 18:23-35
9 Matthew 24:45-51
10 Luke 19:11-27
11 Luke 12: 47-48
12 Matthew 22:2-14
13 Matthew 5:17
14 Matthew 5:18-19
15 Luke 16:17
16 Leviticus 20:9
17 Deuteronomy 21:18-21
18 Exodus 22:18; Leviticus 20:27
19 Deuteronomy 17:2-5
20 Deuteronomy 13:6-11
21 Exodus 31:15
22 Numbers 15:32-36
23 Deuteronomy 22:20-21
24 Leviticus 24:16
25 Leviticus 20:10. (At John 8:1-11, however, Jesus arguably did not
support enforcement of this provision in the story of the women caught
committing adultery. But that story is not in the earliest and most
reliable New Testament manuscripts.)
26 Leviticus 20:13
27 E.g., Deuteronomy 13:6-11; 21:18-21; 22:20-21; Numbers 15:32-36
28 Deuteronomy 25:1-3
29 Leviticus 24:19-20; Deuteronomy 25:11-12
30 Luke 12:51
31 Matthew 10:34
32 Matthew 10:35
33 Matthew 10:36
34 Luke 14:26
35 Luke 18:29-30
36 Luke 9:61-62
37 Mark 10:9, 11-12; Luke 16:18
38 Matthew 5:32; Luke 16:18
39 Matthew 5:32; 19:9
40 Mark 7:10-13 and Matthew 15:4-6 (Jesus is referring in these verses
to Exodus 21:17 and Leviticus 20:9.)
41 Mark 7:7-13 and Matthew 15:1-6
42 Matthew 17:14-21
43 Matthew 12:22
44 Id.
45 Mark 5:1-13
46 Mark 1:23-27
47 Luke 13:11-13
48 Matthew 17:14-21
49 Luke 17:12-19 (And at Mark 5:25-34 and Luke 8:43-48, Jesus healed a
woman and then said her faith had cured her.)
50 Mark 16:17-18 (Also, at Mark 8:22-25, Jesus healed a man by laying
hands on him.)
51 Mark 2:3-12
52 John 5:8-9,14
53 Mark 5:1-13 and Luke 8:26-33 (Matthew 8:28-32 says the demons were
driven from two men.)
54 Mark 16:17-18
55 Id.
56 Matthew 5:28
57 Galatians 5:19-21
58 Matthew 5:29
59 Matthew 5:30
60 Matthew 19:12
61 Luke 11:37-52
62 Matthew 23:13-36
63 See generally, Carnegie, Dale, How to Win Friends and Influence
People (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981)
64 Matthew 21:12-13; John 2:13-17
65 John 2:1-3
66 Mark 11:12-14 and 20-21
67 Matthew 15:22-28
68 Matthew 19:21; Luke 18:22
69 Matthew 19:24; Luke 18:25
70 Luke 14:33
71 Luke 16:13
72 Matthew 6:19-20
73 Luke 6:24-25
74 Luke 6:20-21
75 Matthew 6:25-34
76 Mark 11:24 (Similar teachings are at Matthew 21:22 and John 14:12-14,
15:7, and 16:23-24.)
77 Luke 6:37
78 Matthew 5:39
79 Luke 6:29-30
80 Matthew 5:5
81 Luke 11:50-51
82 Mark 3:29
83 I John 5:7
84 Matthew 5:22
85 Mark 16:15-16
86 For additional examples of disproportionate punishments, see the
above discussion of Jesus' support for the death-penalty provisions of
the Mosaic Law.
87 See footnotes 19, 20 and 24, above, and the accompanying text.
88 Greeley, Roger E., (Ed.) The Best of Robert Ingersoll
(Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1983), p. 6. |